Of the ideas proposed above, ...

Of the ideas proposed above, three self-purification processes stand out from their use around the world--increasing oxygenation through turbulence processes through the use of mixers or aerators (e.g. Chicago) and the diversion of the rivers through wetlands (e.g. Rhine River)  to allow the settling of contaminants before returning flow back to the rivers. Besides settling, shallow wetland processes have also been shown to allow the photolysis of trace organic contaminants (e.g. wetlands bordering the Mississippi River to remove agricultural contaminants).

Dr. Michael Connor
GM, East Bay Dischargers Authority